Early warning 2: Commoner on global warming

50 years ago, Barry Commoner explained why rising levels of carbon dioxide in the air could lead to disaster

Barry Commoner

Barry Commoner

One of the delights of editing Climate & Capitalism is the willingness of readers to share their knowledge — and of course to correct me, politely but firmly, when I get something wrong.

Last week I posted a passage written in 1964, in which Murray Bookchin warned of the danger of global warming caused by CO2 emissions. That was a great quote, but I overstepped myself by saying that 1964 was “many years before anyone else on the left … even realized that global warming might be a concern.”

A knowledgeable reader quickly pointed out that the socialist environmentalist Barry Commoner raised concerns about global warming at almost the same time. Here’s what Commoner wrote in the 1966 edition of his book Science and Survival:

“Fire, an ancient friend, has become a man-made threat to the environment through the sheer quantity of the waste it produces. Each ton of wood, coal, petroleum, or natural gas burned contributes several tons of carbon dioxide to the earth’s atmosphere. Between 1860 and 1960 the combustion of fuels added nearly 14 percent to the carbon-dioxide content of the air, which had until then remained constant for many centuries. Carbon dioxide plays an important role in regulating the temperature of the earth because of the ‘greenhouse effect.’ Both glass and carbon dioxide tend to pass visible light but absorb infrared rays. This explains why the sun so easily warms a greenhouse on a winter day. Light from the sun enters through the  greenhouse glass. Within, it is absorbed by soil and plants and converted to infrared heat energy which remains trapped inside the greenhouse because it cannot pass out again through glass. Carbon dioxide makes a huge greenhouse of the earth allowing sunlight to reach the earth’s surface but limiting reradiation of the resulting heat into space. The temperature of the earth — which profoundly affects the suitability of the environment for life — is therefore certain to rise as the amount of carbon dioxide in the air increases.

“A report by the President’s Science Advisory Committee finds that the extra heat due to fuel-produced carbon dioxide accumulated in the air by the year 2000 might be sufficient  to melt the Antarctic ice cap — in 4000 years according to one computation, or in 400 years according to another. And the report states:  ‘The melting of the Antarctic ice cap would raise sea level by 400 feet. If 1,000 years were required to melt the ice cap, the sea level would rise about 4 feet every 10 years, 40 feet per century.’ This would result in catastrophe for much of the world’s inhabited land and many of its major cities.”

And later in the same book:

“And suppose that, as it may, the accumulation of carbon dioxide begins to threaten the entire globe with catastrophic floods. Control of this danger would require the modification, throughout the world, of domestic furnaces and industrial combustion plants…. Solar power and other techniques for the production of electrical power which do not require either combustion or nuclear reactors, may be the best solution.”

The report Commoner mentions was Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, prepared for President Lyndon Johnson by fifteen scientists who comprised the Environmental Pollution Panel of the President’s Science Advisory Committee. Their 300-page account of environmental concerns was published by the White House in November 1965. The section on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide summarized the state of scientific knowledge about greenhouse gases and global warming. As we now know, they were much too optimistic about how long it will take the Antarctic to melt.

For readers interested in the history of climate change science, here’s a scan of that section of the 1965 report (PDF 1.6KB).

What this report  shows is that there was considerable scientific concern about global warming in the mid-1960s, so it’s not surprising that radical environmentalists like Bookchin and Commoner raised the alarm. Perhaps other readers can explain why the subject seems to have largely disappeared from public discussion in the 1970s and 1980s.

——
Ian

More from my notebook …

 

1 Comment

  • I’m not sure it’s right to say that the 1965 committee report was “much too optimistic” about the rate of rise of sea level, due to Antarctic melting. The EPA’s projected maximum sea level rise by 2100 is 6 feet, which concurs roughly with the recent report stating that 1-3m rise in one or two centuries is now inevitable. Sea levels have risen about 6 inches in the last century (15mm per decade), way below this estimate, although of course accelerating. Similarly, the estimate for the rise that would result from melting of the whole Antarctic ice cap is generally 70m, just over half what the Presidential committee said in 1965.

    I think if we were already experiencing a 4ft rise in sea level every decade, there would be no climate deniers left. That said, the situation is bad enough and I don’t think early over-estimates of the consequences of climate change can be used to discredit the scientific facts.

    I will use the invitation to speculate as to why the left did not take this issue up. Here in the UK, I think the problem was that the left responded to many sections of the environmental movement’s neo-Malthusian attitude to population by rejecting everything the movement said.

    I also think they did not understand that “having lots of stuff” and “getting lots of use out of stuff” (to put it crudely) are different things, so they were suspicious of the “anti-cornucopian” argument. Many on the left still make the – to me – somewhat “faith-based” argument that technology can get us out of the climate change mess.

    A sort of “left cornucopianism” may have been a response to statement of Trotsky’s about the bureaucratic consequences of scarcity, with its graphic depiction of shortages leading to queues and these requiring a force to police them. Despite being very strong on the need for a radical shift in what is produced and how it is used in order to combat the environmental crisis, I’m still troubled by the likelihood that there will be such (perceived?) shortages – especially in energy supplies – and what the political consequences of that might be.

    Whether this is how left thinking on climate change developed in other countries, I don’t know.